Vatican press spokesman condemns slaughter of elephants for ivory
January 24, 2013: The Vatican press spokesman and director of Vatican Radio has pledged
to raise awareness about the illegal ivory trade, saying it is a “duty to combat a
serious and unjustifiable phenomenon” such as the massacre of elephants. Father Federico
Lombardi sj. was responding to an article in the National Geographic which accused
the Church of supporting the use of ivory in religious devotional objects.
Below
please find the full text of Fr. Lombardi’s letter to The National Geographic and
its readers:
Dear Mr. Oliver Payne, Dear friends of the elephants,
Over
the past few days my secretary, Ms. Christina Ravenda, and I have received a number
of email messages and have thus been involved in the movement to save the elephants.
While some of the letters have not been particularly kind or profound, many are both
to the point and compelling; they are a true invitation to awareness and to the duty
to combat a serious and unjustifiable phenomenon.
We were particularly touched
by the testimony of a woman, the long-time administrator of a park in the Republic
of Congo, who thoughtfully urged us to reflect upon how each of us might do as much
as we can to remedy the disaster. We have, therefore, taken in hand the question that
Mr. Payne posed a while ago, inquiring into factors and considerations in search of
an answer. To tell the truth, we did not find many factors for a wide-reaching and
exhaustive answer and that was why we had given up, being much occupied by other urgencies.
Now, however, encouraged by your email messages, we are sending an answer, which naturally
does not claim to be definitive in resolving the serious problems related to the massacre
of elephants, but tries to show our attention to the gravity of the problem and our
commitment to collaborate in as far as we are able.
Above all, the Catholic
Church’s position and its teaching on the unjustified violence toward animals is clear
and simple in its general principles and can be summarized as follows:
Creation
is entrusted to humanity to be cultivated and safeguarded as a precious gift received
from the Creator and therefore should not be destroyed, treated violently, or exploited
but rather treated with great responsibility toward the creatures themselves and toward
future human generations so that they might be able to enjoy these essential and marvelous
goods. The Pope’s interventions on environmental awareness have become more and more
frequent in recent years, following the worsening of the environmental crisis and
the raising awareness in humanity’s impact on the environment.
For example,
in the document Caritas in veritate (2009)—the most important of the recent documents
personally signed by Pope Benedict XVI on the Church’s teaching in social and economic
areas—there is a significant section dedicated to this topic (Ch. 4, nos. 48–52).
From this obviously follows a general moral condemnation of human actions that damage
the environment or the world’s flora and fauna.
More specifically, regarding
animals, the position of the Catholic thought has always been that, even if these
certainly do not have the same level of dignity and thus of rights as human beings,
they are living beings and of a higher perfection than plant life, especially those
more evolved animals that are capable of relationships and sensations, of feeling
pleasure and pain, for which they merit respectful treatment. They cannot be arbitrarily
killed or made to suffer.
This is referred to explicitly in the Catechism of
the Catholic Church (a very important text that gathers the major doctrinal positions
of the Catholic Church) under the section entitled “Respect for the Integrity of Creation”
(nos. 2415–2418).
Another fundamental text, the Compendium of the Social Doctrine
of the Church, deals more widely with all these problems (see all of Ch. 10: “Safeguarding
the Environment”), including the issues of the protection of living species and of
biodiversity.
As is clear, these are general principles to be applied to the
various concrete situations encountered by members of the Church who live in different
countries and who find themselves faced with different problems.
Certainly
you know that the animal species that are at risk of extinction because of human violence
and aggression carried out for various reasons—mainly out of economic interests, but
also because of irrational behavior—are numerous in the different areas of the world.
The CITES Convention, which you all are more familiar with than are we, lists several
thousand animals as well as tens of thousands of plant species.
The ecclesiastical
authorities that serve the Church at the universal level cannot, therefore, multiply
declarations of a particular character for all of the specific cases, which often
involve different regions of the world. They must instead affirm precisely those principles
by which, in the different regions, the bishops or the faithful can take responsibility
for the most urgent and obvious consequences. In some countries, particularly in Africa,
this will regard elephants and in other whales or white sharks, in still others those
animals sought after for their fur, and so on.
Another principle that the Catholic
Church definitely sustains is that of respect for the law and for governmental responsibility
in establishing strong laws against crime and in committing to having those laws respected.
Therefore, the Church always looks favorably on those who are committed to effective
norms to combat criminal activities and harmful and illegal practices such as poaching,
smuggling, illegal trade, etc.
In this area, however, it is also natural that
the regional or local authorities of the Church as well as the Catholics of various
countries take a position on specific situations. For these reasons, I believe that
the most important and most urgent action is that of raising the awareness of the
Christian communities in the countries affected by the most serious phenomena so that
they might act together with those in charge and with the other members of the civil
communities in which they live in order to deal decisively with these very serious
problems. This must be done, if possible, in collaboration between the followers of
different Christian confessions or other religions. In fact, it is a serious problem
that Christians can and should unite against, as against all problems concerning the
safeguarding of creation, regarding which there are many important international ecumenical
statements.
A second aspect that many of your posts insist upon regarding the
ivory trade is that of what the “Vatican” can or must do to combat the demand for
ivory. On this issue it seems to me that a number of messages that we have received
are not objective and that there is some confusion that needs to be clarified.
I
am 70 years old and I know quite well the Catholic Church and the authorities that,
from Rome, serve the Church around the world. I have never heard or even read a word
that would encourage the use of ivory for devotional objects. We all know that there
are ivory objects of religious significance, mostly ancient, because ivory was considered
a beautiful and valuable material. There has never, however, been encouragement on
the part of the Church to use ivory instead of any other material. There has never
been any reason to think that the value of religious devotion might be connected to
the preciousness of the material of the image you use. Much less is there any organization
promoted or encouraged by the authorities of the Catholic Church to trade or import
ivory. Also, in Vatican City—that is, in the tiny State that is governed by the Catholic
Church—there is no store that sells items made of ivory to the faithful or to pilgrims.
The
investigation “Ivory Worship”, published in National Geographic, talks about some
specific cases that have to do with catholics, and therefore many put them in relation
to the “Vatican” (that is, the Church authorities that, from Rome, serve the world
community of the Catholic Church). However, a priest in the Philippines who seems
to be responsible for illegal trade in ivory has absolutely nothing to do with the
responsibility of the “Vatican”, which knows nothing about and has nothing to do with
him. The responsibility for what a priest in the Philippines does lies first of all
with him, and the civil authorities of the Philippines can and should punish him if
he is participating in illegal trafficking. The ecclesiastical authorities of the
Philippines must check whether the devotions he is promoting are acceptable or condemnable
from the standpoint of faith and reason.
Also mention is the Savelli shop near
St. Peter’s Square. It is just a few dozen meters from my office so I am very familiar
with it. It’s a shop where one can find many things, including many devotional items
and all kinds of souvenirs for tourists and pilgrims. Among these are very few objects
of ivory.
The shop is privately owned and does not belong to a Vatican institution.
It is not within the Vatican (and does not even have the “extraterritorial” status
enjoyed by the Vatican offices that operate in Italian territory), but is entirely
subject to Italian jurisdiction and the scrutiny of the Italian State Forestry Corps,
which is responsible for monitoring the implementation of CITES. In short, the “Vatican”
has no responsibility and no control to exercise over the Savelli shop or over the
other businesses that are located in the neighborhood around the Vatican. If the Italian
authorities discover any illegal activity they do well to intervene. But thinking
that there is an important ivory trafficking center to uproot here in order to save
African elephants makes no sense.
Perhaps there are cases of illegal trade
in ivory that is used in some parts of the world for Christian religious images used
by Catholics. If such cases are identified they must clearly be condemned by the competent
authorities—civil or religious—but there is no reason to attribute responsibility
that it does not have to the “Vatican”.
There has also been talk of gifts made
from ivory. I have followed the activities of the Pope, in Rome and in his international
travels, for many years. Personally, I have never seen a gift in ivory given by the
Pope to his visitors. (They are always made of metal, ceramic, mosaic, or books, prints,
or medals…) The National Geographic article recalls a gift that would have been made
by Pope John Paul II to President Reagan over 25 years ago. If this is true then it
is certainly an exception, as I confirmed with the person who, for many years, has
organized the popes’ trips abroad and who also does not remember any gift in ivory
having been given by the Pope. Sometimes, but rarely, I have seen a gift given to
the Pope that was in ivory. Recently, in November of last year, the President of the
Ivory Coast visited the Vatican and presented the Pope with a gift, characteristic
of the country’s artisanal crafts, made of ivory (it was a chessboard and not a religious
image!). While he was presenting it however, in order to avoid any possible embarrassment,
he explicitly told the Pope that it was made from legal ivory.
Mention was
also made of the “Vatican’s” adherence to international conventions against money
laundering and for the prevention of terrorism, with the invitation to also ratify
the CITES Convention for the protection of flora and fauna. Actually, these are different
situations because, in the Vatican City State and at the service of the Holy See,
there are institutions with significant economic and financial activities. However,
as mentioned before, there is no institution of Vatican City or of the Holy See that
deals with the commerce of endangered plant or animal species. What is done by priests
or Catholic institutions throughout the world in this area is legally subject to the
laws and controls of the countries where they are and signing a convention on the
part of the “Vatican” would therefore have no practical importance.
The only
international conventions that the “Vatican” has so far adhered to, on the grounds
of the “moral encouragement” of the international community, are the those most urgently
related to its mission of announcement of the Gospel and peace, that is those on disarmament,
human rights and religious freedom. Participating in an international convention requires
personnel and commitment, so a “small” entity such as the Vatican must choose where
its participation can be more effective.
Moreover, let me point out that the
same article, “Ivory Worship”, attests that the greatest development of the ivory
trade today is to Asian countries. This is confirmed by the many other articles and
testimonies on the subject that I have been able to read. As everyone knows, with
the exception of the Philippines, which are the only Asian country with a Catholic
majority, in the other countries (China, Japan, Thailand, etc.), Christians—and even
more so Catholics—are a tiny minority.
Poaching in Africa is generally carried
out by criminal gangs and often by militant rebel groups that are seeking to finance
themselves through the smuggling of ivory. Among other uses, ivory in Asia seems to
be used in products of traditional medicine and in various objects that have nothing
to do with any religious devotion, whether Buddhist, Hindu, Christian, or any other
religious tradition.
For all these reasons it is impossible to think that the
“Vatican” might have at its disposal powerful and effective tools for combatting the
massacre of elephants by destroying the burgeoning illegal trade in ivory.
Nevertheless,
we are absolutely convinced that the massacre of elephants is a very serious matter,
against which it is right that everyone who can do something should be committed.
For our part, we can certainly undertake a program of information and empowerment
through some “Vatican” organizations. What we commit to today are mainly three things:
1)
To bring this issue to the attention of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace,
which is the Vatican dicastery responsible for studying precisely those problems associated
with justice and peace, but also with the environment. It is in contact with analogous
national commissions “for justice and peace” of Catholic communities around the world.
I believe that the killing of elephants and the illegal trade of ivory are topics
that effectively lie within the jurisdiction of this dicastery.
2) To propose
to the sections of Vatican Radio that prepare programming for Africa (in English,
French, Portuguese, and Swahili) to investigate into this topic and to speak about
it in radio programs in order to encourage the ecclesial communities it addresses
to engage in the fight against poaching and the illegal ivory trade, as well as to
propose informational material to the other sections of Vatican Radio in order to
raise awareness among their audiences.
3) To make the contributions of the
research of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences on environmental issues and biodiversity
more widely known. In fact, these are issues to which the Pontifical Academy often
returns in the course of its activities and its work.
The slaughter of elephants
will not stop because of these initiatives, but at least we are working together to
seek practical solutions to stopping it with the possibilities of information and
training available to us.